Treatment effects and treatment effects adjusted for estimated lunch glycemic load (GL) were analyzed using a linear mixed model. Computer-based cognitive testing was performed 90 min after lunch examining tonic alertness, visual search and task switching, and working memory. In the first period, participants of sequence 1 received a dish with high GI rice (GI: 79), those of sequence 2 with medium GI rice (GI: 64)-in the second period, 1 week later, vice versa. Participants ( n = 212) were randomly assigned to either sequence 1 or 2. This study investigated whether the dietary GI of lunch has an impact on cognition of schoolchildren in the late postprandial phase, 90 min after lunch.Ī randomized, 2 × 2 crossover intervention study was conducted at a comprehensive school with 5th and 6th grade students. high dietary GI for lunch (i.e., 45 min after starting lunch). Our previous CogniDo GI study found no changes of cognition in the early postprandial phase after consumption of two rice types with medium vs. Studies about effects of lunch dietary Glycemic Index (GI) on cognition of schoolchildren are scarce. These results suggest that adult male rats show a susceptibility toward hippocampal dysfunction on a WD, and that hypothalamic mitochondrial bioenergetics are altered by WD in a sex-specific manner. Comprehensive bioenergetics analysis of WD effects in the hypothalamus revealed a tissue-specific adaption, where males on the WD oxidized more fat, and females oxidized more fat and carbohydrates at peak energy demand compared to same-sex controls. Males on a WD demonstrated impaired hippocampal functioning and an elevated tendency toward a high membrane potential in hippocampal mitochondria. Both males and females on a WD gained body fat and showed impaired glucose tolerance when compared to same-sex controls. Results revealed a sexually dimorphic macronutrient preference, where males on the WD consumed a greater percentage of calories from fat/protein and females consumed a greater percentage of calories from a sugar-sweetened beverage. We sought to determine whether a WD alters behavior and metabolic outcomes in male and female rodents through impacting hippocampal and hypothalamic mitochondrial bioenergetics.
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Mitochondria in the brain provide energy for neurocognitive function and may play a role in body weight regulation. FITKids and FITKids2 were registered at as NCT01334359 and NCT01619826, respectively.Ī Western diet (WD), high in sugars and saturated fats, impairs learning and memory function and contributes to weight gain.
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These findings are among the first to show a link between habitual dietary intake and cognitive health as pertaining to hippocampal function in childhood. SFA intake was negatively associated with both forms of memory, whereas omega-3 fatty acid intake was selectively positively associated with hippocampal-dependent relational memory. Eye movement measures of relational memory (preferential viewing to the target stimulus) showed a negative relation with intake of added sugar. Potential confounding factors of age, sex, intelligence quotient, socioeconomic status, pubertal timing, and aerobic fitness (maximal oxygen volume) were not significantly related to any of the dietary intake measures. Partial correlations adjusted for body mass index showed a positive relation between relational memory accuracy and intake of omega-3 fatty acids and a negative relation of both relational and item memory accuracy with intake of SFAs. Performance on the memory tasks was assessed with both direct (accuracy) and indirect (eye movement) measures. Participants aged 7-9 y (n = 52) reported their dietary intake by using the Youth-Adolescent Food-Frequency Questionnaire and completed memory tasks designed to assess relational (hippocampal-dependent) and item (hippocampal-independent) memory. We investigated the cross-sectional relation of dietary components characteristic of the Western diet, including saturated fatty acids (SFAs), omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids, and refined sugar, with hippocampal-dependent relational memory in prepubescent children.
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However, the effect of dietary intake on hippocampal-dependent memory during childhood has remained unexamined. Studies in rodents and older humans have shown that the hippocampus-a brain structure critical to relational/associative memory-has remarkable plasticity as a result of lifestyle factors (eg, exercise).